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  Concept of Social Diversity Social diversity refers to the presence of multiple distinct social groups within a society, differing by characteristics such as caste, class, religion, language, region, gender, ethnicity, and ability. It reflects the richness of human experiences and identities that coexist within a nation or community. In the Indian context, diversity is particularly complex due to its historical caste system, linguistic multiplicity, and religious pluralism. While social diversity contributes to cultural richness, it also leads to social hierarchies and systemic inequalities. These differences affect individuals' access to resources, status, and opportunities, including those in the education sector. If not addressed properly, social diversity can become a source of exclusion and disadvantage rather than inclusion and equity. Access to Education Access to education is one of the first areas where social diversity plays a significant role. In many cases, childr...

  S ocial Stratification: Meaning and Concept Social stratification refers to the structured and hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on various social, economic, and political criteria. It is a universal feature of human society where people are categorized into different strata or layers, and these layers determine access to resources, privileges, and power. Stratification leads to social inequalities that are passed from one generation to another, thereby maintaining the structure of society. Social stratification is not random but follows a patterned system where certain criteria such as caste, class, race, gender, and religion determine one’s position. This stratification shapes individuals' life chances, including access to education, healthcare, employment, and social status. Types of Social Stratification Caste System: A rigid form of stratification found mainly in India. Status is ascribed by birth and is hereditary. Mobility b...

  Various efforts made in India to achieve the target of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE). The Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) is a constitutional commitment and a developmental priority for India. It aims to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years, ensuring that every child receives a quality elementary education regardless of their socio-economic background. India has undertaken several policy and programmatic efforts over the years to achieve this goal. One of the earliest milestones was the inclusion of education as a Directive Principle of State Policy under Article 45 of the Indian Constitution, which emphasized free and compulsory education for children. This commitment was reinforced by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002 , which added Article 21A , making education a fundamental right. This legal mandate laid the foundation for subsequent policy reforms and programs. The National Pol...

Political Influence on Indian Education From Historical Perspective Introduction Education and politics are deeply intertwined, as education functions within the broader framework of the political system. The political system of a country determines the goals, content, structure, and access to education. In the Indian context, the political system has played a pivotal role in shaping educational development from ancient times to the post-independence era. A historical perspective reveals how shifts in political power—from colonial rulers to post-independence governments—have significantly influenced educational policies, structures, and objectives. Ancient and Medieval Periods: In ancient India, the education system was influenced by the prevailing social and political structures, primarily monarchies and religious institutions. The gurukula system catered mainly to upper castes, especially Brahmins, which shows the influence of hierarchical social norms on education. Education w...

  Function of Education Havinghurst and Neugarten (1964) has given two important functions of education system: a)        Education should be a Mirror that reflect society as it is or to be stabilizer of Society. b)        An agent of social change and a force directed towards implementing the ideas of Society. George Payne considered three main functions of education from the point of view of educational sociology: a)        Assimilation of traditions b)        Development of New Social Patterns c)        Creative and constructive role. Emile Durkheim (1956) – Major function of Education is transmission of Society norms and values, Hence, Various sociologist have mentioned various Functions of Education. We can broadly classify the three main functions of Education as: a)        Tr...

  1.       Types of Socialization Socializations can be classified into two categories: 1.        Primary Socialization 2.        Secondary Socialization 3.        Anticipatory Socialization This division is based on the primary and secondary needs of individuals. The basic physical needs such as thirst, hunger etc. are called primary needs while secondary needs are those which emerge to meet primary needs e.g., the need for learning skills to earn livelihood. 1.1.     Primary Socialization                                                        Image: Primary Socialization Primary socialization is related with the satisfaction of Basic needs (Primary needs) such...