Types of Socialization

 

1.     Types of Socialization

Socializations can be classified into two categories:

1.       Primary Socialization

2.       Secondary Socialization

3.       Anticipatory Socialization

This division is based on the primary and secondary needs of individuals. The basic physical needs such as thirst, hunger etc. are called primary needs while secondary needs are those which emerge to meet primary needs e.g., the need for learning skills to earn livelihood.

1.1.   Primary Socialization

                                                       Image: Primary Socialization

Primary socialization is related with the satisfaction of Basic needs (Primary needs) such as hunger, thirst etc. Family satisfies the basic needs of human beings; therefore, it is called primary institution. The parents are primary socializing agents of the child. Hence; Inculcation of norms and values within the family is called primary socialization.

Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood. This is the most crucial stage of socialization as the child learns basic behaviour pattern at this stage.

1.2      Secondary Socialization

Image: Secondary Socialization


Secondary socialization is related with secondary needs. Secondary needs are those which emerge to meet primary needs e.g., the need for learning skills to earn livelihood.

A school is a secondary social institution because it meets the derived needs of the children. the school teachers are the secondary socializing agents. Hence; The process of imbibing norms, values and behavioral patterns of school may be called secondary socialization.

Generally secondary socialization starts from the later stage of childhood and goes up to maturity. However, the process of socialization never stops in life. The school, peer groups and other institutions in which a person is placed in life play the role of socializing agents.

1.3      Anticipatory Socialization

                                                Image: Anticipatory Socialization

In the modem societies, where the social mobility of individuals and groups takes place more frequently, individual's loyalty to a particular social group weakens. He starts emulating the values, norms, behaviour patterns of another group in anticipation of being accepted as its member. This kind of socialization is called anticipatory socialization. It is based on the reference group theory. According to this theory the norms, values and the behaviour patterns of the individual are determined with reference to a particular group or groups. For example, individuals who have acquired wealth suddenly try to follow the values aid life style of upper strata of society. They tend to change their dress, behavior and even their language and custom. For example, they start demanding dowry and force their women folk to observe parda on other 'distancing' customs.

 

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